Large-scale digital systems function as capability environments. Infrastructure provides capabilities for deployment, communication, automation, transactions, and identity creation. These capabilities produce affordances, which are actions actors can perform within the system.
When affordances interact with incentives, resource availability, and monitoring gaps, stable opportunities for exploitation can emerge. These opportunities form adversarial niches, where exploit strategies become economically viable.
Understanding how such niches arise is the first step in analyzing adversarial behavior in technical systems.